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Vocalize to Localize (Benjamins Current Topics) Summary:By Christian Abry, Anne Vilain, Jean-Luc Schwartz
Vocalize to Localize How to Frame a Framework for two Frames? Vocalize to localize? Meerkats do it for specific predators… And babies begin to vocalize and point with their index finger toward located targets of interest at about nine months. Well before using language-specific demonstratives. Such that-type units correlated with what-interrogatives are universal and, as relativizers and complementizers, revealed powerful in grammar construction. Even among referential calls in nonhuman primates, some use more than mere localization: semantics and even syntax. Instead of just telling a new monomodal story about language origin, advocates of representational gestures (semantically transparent), with a problematic route toward speech, meet here advocates of speech, with a problematic route toward the lexicon. The present meeting resulted in the contributions of 23 specialists in the behaviour and brain of humans, including comparative studies in child development and nonhuman primates, aphasiology and robotics. The next future will tell us if this continuing crosstalk – between researchers in auditory and visual communication systems – will lead to a more integrative framework for understanding the emergence of 7-month babbling and 9-month pointing. Two types of neural control whose coordination (Abry & Ducey, Evolang7, 2008) could pave the “royal road to language” (Butterworth, in Kita, Pointing, 2003), up to one-year first words, with their semantics and phonology, and their syntax, emerging “on the heels of pointing” (Tomasello et al., Child. Dev., 2007), and beyond, when pointing could be dissociated from the joint word, how it would lead to two-word speech (Goldin-Meadow & Butcher, in Kita, 2003), etc. These are the main unescapable targets presently known of a puzzling route, still to be traced. Instead of a full-blown theory we chose, in the famous legacy of the late Francis Crick for consciousness, a framework approach, including testable proposals. Framed at the beginning of this century, some years ahead of our first meeting (in Grenoble, January 2003, before the second one, VOCOID, May 2007), this Vocalize to localize framework was not explicitly developed in the resulting publication of the two Interaction Studies issues (2004–5), now updated for this Benjamins Current Topics. Since, three publications all issued in 2008 will help weighing this framework. The framework flow diagram itself (see Figure 1. A Framework for two Frames) was finally made available for the first time in English by Abry and Ducey in the above mentionned Evolang7 conference book (Barcelona, March 2008, pp. 3–9), in coincidence with the publication of Emergence of Linguistic Abilities (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008, pp. 80–99), held in Lyon (dec. 2005). Meanwhile, we entrusted the test of our core proposal to the issue of a satellite workshop to the XVth International Conference of Phonetic Sciences, held in Barcelona (August, 2003), in honour to Peter MacNeilage, which appeared finally in The Syllable in Speech Production (Lawrence Erlbaum, 2008, pp. 409–427). Evolang7 gives a scope of recent researches in the field; and the VOCOID oncoming publication will contain work in progress for the Vocalize to localize framework. Figure 1 shows that at about one year of age, the Speech Frame will be embedded into the Sign Frame: one-two… Syllables in a Foot template for the first “Prosodic Words”. For the Speech Frame, after Canonical Babbling, say “Syllable” rhythm emergence, two additional controls have to be mastered: Closance control for the “Consonant”, and Coarticulation (Coproduction) for the “Vowel” Postural control, within the “Consonant”. For the Sign Frame, three maturating brain streams become recruited: occipito-parietal event detection (When), which enters the now classical dorsal (Where) and ventral (What) pathways. Their outcomes are Objecthood permanence and Agentivity (Who-system), while the ventro-parietal How-system affords Shape Affordance, before the objecthood Color What-system. Classically the Sharing Attention-Intention cooperative Mechanisms (SAM-SIM) develop later than Eye Direction Detection (EDD). Among the corresponding “answers” (Then/There/That) to the Wh-systems, the most relevant stream for linguistic pointing (imperative, declarative, cooperative) is our fronto-parietal That-Path (Broca-SMG), together with our Stabil-Loop, the verbal working memory under articulatory gesture phasing control, stabilizing linguistic forms in learning (see Introduction). Given 2-syllable first words, and once we measured a mean of 3Hz for babbling cycles (in agreement with the literature, old and new), the prediction of this framework was a 2:1 Babbling/Pointing ratio. The empirical outcome was that, knowing the distribution of the babbling cycles of six babies, video-recorded from 6 to 18 months each fortnight, we could predict successfully the range of durations of their pointing strokes: in-between 2–3 syllables in a metrical Foot-Point (Emergence of Linguistic Abilities, 2008, pp. 80–99). That is a universal trend for the prosodic Word-Point. At this stage we can state that, if neuro-biomechanical models are still lacking for ultimately giving the bandpasses (modes) of the child babbling jaw and pointing arm, one can already consider that the production of a word each 2/3 of a second is better explained by this cognitive embedded, embodied, embrained arm deixis, than by pure mental or brain lexical encoding chronometry. What we dubbed: “The phonological foot dwells on the arm stroke”! This encouraging achievement was recently acknowledged in the conclusions drawn by MacNeilage for his book The Origin of Speech (Oxford University Press, 2008), where he comments his meeting points with Steven Wise’s chapter on “the primate way of reaching”, atop of The Evolution of Nervous Systems (Elsevier, 2007, vol. 4, pp. 157–166). The development of the pyramidal tracts in primates afforded, from the cortical homologue of Broca region (“mirror-neuronal” F5) downward to cervical spinal and bulbar centers, direct control of head and arm, together with laryngeal and supralyngeal articulators (jaw, lips, velum and tongue). According to Wise, “If […] the human homologue of PFv [prefrontal ventral cortex] maps meanings to communicative gestures, including vocal ones, then perhaps the homologue of PMv [premotor ventral F5] underlies computations that achieve the motor goals of such gestures” (Cortex, 2006, pp. 523–524), i.e. laryngeal-mandibular babbling, eye-head orientation and arm pointing during social signaling (Wise, pers. comm. for this important PF-PM link).*****************************************************8 Please select one mirror to download
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Sponsored LinksVocalize to Localize (Benjamins Current Topics) Keywordsframework pointing babbling vocalize pp frame localize emergence linguistic evolang7 including homologue abry words wise primates route brain gestures meeting problematic route nonhuman primates targets presently unescapable targets puzzling route framework approach full blown theory pointing tomasello 7 month babbling integrative frameworkVocalize to Localize (Benjamins Current Topics) download copyrightThis site does not store Vocalize to Localize (Benjamins Current Topics) on its server. We only index and link to Vocalize to Localize (Benjamins Current Topics) provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete Vocalize to Localize (Benjamins Current Topics) if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately. |
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