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Eating Behaviors, Volume 7, Issue 03 (August 2006) Summary:Table of Contents:
The purpose of the present study was to examine association between hedonic response to sweet taste and a mood altering effect associated with eating sweet foods and impaired control over eating sweets. Participants (n = 163, 39% males) rated a series of sucrose solutions for intensity of sweetness and palatability and completed a newly developed 12-item Sweet Taste Questionnaire (STQ). It was shown that STQ identifies two factors in the individual's attitude towards sweet foods: sensitivity to the mood altering effect of sweets and impaired control over eating sweet foods. Individuals preferring the taste of the strongest offered sucrose concentration reported a stronger mood altering effect associated with eating of sweet foods and were more likely to have an impaired control over eating sweets than the rest of the group. Women generally had higher scores on both factors compared to men. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that hedonic response to sweet taste is associated with elevated sensitivity to mood altering effects of sweet foods and impaired control over eating sweets.Article Outline 1. Methods 1.1. Recruitment 1.2. Instruments 1.2.1. The Sweet Taste Questionnaire (STQ) 1.2.2. The Sweet Taste Test (STT) 1.3. Statistical analysis 2. Results 2.1. The study group consisted of 163 participants (age 22.1 ± 0.2 years [mean ± SEM]; males 39%) 2.2. Factor analysis of STQ responses 2.3. Participant's reactions to sweet foods and sensitivity/hedonic response to sweet taste 3. Discussion Acknowledgements References
Previous research has identified a positive relationship between disordered eating behaviors and heavy alcohol use, demonstrating that alcohol use is heavier among individuals with eating disorders or who demonstrate significant symptoms of disordered eating. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this relationship also exists among women displaying milder disordered eating attitudes, defined by a stated desire to lose weight despite maintaining a healthy body weight. Participants in this study were 255 female college students at a large public university in the northeast region of the United States who were either under- or of normal body weight. Results indicated that women who reported a desire to lose weight were significantly more likely to experience several negative alcohol-related consequences, including doing something later regretted and having forced intercourse than those without a desire to lose weight. Results also indicated that the use of protective behavioral strategies was associated with fewer alcohol-related problems among this group. Implications for interventions and future research studies are discussed.Article Outline 1. Introduction 1.1. Alcohol use 1.2. Co-occurrence of disordered eating and alcohol use 2. Method 2.1. Participants 2.2. Measure 2.2.1. Alcohol consumption 2.2.2. Negative alcohol-related consequences 2.2.3. Desire to lose weight 2.2.4. Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) 2.3. Procedures 2.4. Data analysis 3. Results 3.1. Alcohol consumption 3.2. Negative alcohol-related consequences 3.3. Protective behaviors 4. Discussion 4.1. Clinical implications 4.2. Limitations 4.3. Strengths References
Eating disorders are considered to lie on a spectrum of disorders with varying degrees of obsessive–compulsive and impulsive traits. Restrictive anorexia nervosa patients (AN-R) are thought to belong to the obsessive pole of the spectrum, and purging-anorexia (AN-P) and bulimia nervosa (BN) patients to the impulsive pole. In this study we have compared impulsive traits in three groups of eating disordered patients (total N = 56) and a control group of 83 female students. Information about impulsive traits and lack of inhibitory control was gathered by means of standardized rating scales (Eysenck's Impulsiveness Scale, Barrett's Impulsiveness Scale, and Carver and White's BIS/BAS scale) and a behavioral measure of impulsiveness (stop–go task). On the questionnaires AN-R patients reported to be less impulsive than controls, AN-P and BN patients. In the stop–go task, we did not find significant differences between the different groups. Correlations between self-reported measures of impulsiveness and behavioral measures were not significant. In conclusion: Our results from the self-report measures are at odds with the behavioral measures certainly in the AN-R group. Perhaps the latter patients' distorted self-perception and/or self-description may explain this discrepancy.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1. Subjects 2.2. Measures 2.2.1. Self-reported measures of impulsiveness 2.2.1.1. Eysenck impulsiveness questionnaire (I7) 2.2.1.2. Barrett impulsiveness scale (BIS-11) 2.2.1.3. BIS–BAS measures 2.2.2. The stop–go task 2.3. Procedure 2.4. Analyses 3. Results 3.1. Associations between self-reported measures of impulsiveness and the stop–go task measures 3.2. Differences in self-reported measures of impulsiveness and stop–go task measures in ED and NC 3.2.1. Self-reported measures of impulsiveness 3.2.2. Stop–go task measures 4. Discussion References
A reduced pain sensitivity has been found in eating disorder (ED) patients. These patients often show various types of self-injurious behaviors (SIB) which some experience as painful, while others report analgesia during episodes of SIB. How can we explain these differences? We studied female ED patients (N = 185) of whom 84 had admitted some form of SIB in their recent history. The presence/absence of pain report during SIB was not significantly related to the type of ED. The longer the history of SIB, the less pain was reported. Ratings of dissociation and traumatic experiences were higher in patients who did not experience pain while injuring themselves. We discuss several biopsychosocial explanations for these findings with suggestions for future research.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1. Participants 2.2. Measures 2.3. Data analysis 3. Results 3.1. Does the level of depression and substance (ab)use affect the pain report during different types of SIB in our ED sample? 3.2. Is the presence/absence of pain report during different types of SIB related to different types of ED? 3.3. Is absence/presence of pain experience related to the different types of SIB? 3.4. Which characteristics of SIB or which psychopathological features differentiate patients with pain experience from those reporting no pain during different types of SIB? 4. Discussion References
This study aimed to compare the attitudes and psychopathology of eating disorders of Asian and Caucasian university students using a survey method. The study also investigated the relationship between acculturation, attitudes and psychopathology of eating disorders in sub-groups of Asian girls. There were 130 Asian and 110 Caucasian adolescent girls, aged 18–24 who were screened using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-2) and an Acculturation Index. The Asian group did not have higher mean EAT score than the Caucasian group, but had higher mean score in some sub-scales of the EDI-2. Eating disordered attitudes and psychopathology was not significantly different in the low compared to the high accultured Asian girls. This study suggests that Asian and Caucasian university students in Western Australia are equally susceptible to eating disorders, and that the level of acculturation does not modify the susceptibility of Asian students for eating disorders.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion Acknowledgements References
In industrialized countries, studies have shown that lower socioeconomic status is generally associated with higher rates of obesity. Furthermore, poorer eating habits with insufficient intake of low energy-dense and micronutrient rich foods may increase the risk of obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of educational, economic and dietary factors in determining obesity risk in a representative sample of the Portuguese general adult population. Study design was cross-sectional in a representative sample of Portuguese adults (20,977 women and 18,663 men). Participants were distributed in categories according to years of education (≤ 4, 5–9, 10–12, and > 12), income (≤ 314 euros, 315–547 euros, 548–815 euros, and > 815 euros), and dietary intake (vegetable soup, vegetable, fruit, bread and starchy foods). Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the magnitude of the association between obesity and education/income, and food groups, adjusting for confounders. In women and men, the odds favouring obesity decreased with increasing education (p-value for trend < 0.001) being the odds ratios, respectively, 0.19 (0.14–0.27), and 0.40 (0.30–0.54) for those having > 12 years of education compared to those with ≤ 4 years vegetable; soup consumption also decreased the risk of obesity in both genders (odds ratios were very similar in women and men, being respectively, 0.86 and 0.89). The odds favouring obesity in women also decreased with consumption of fruit and starchy foods, being the odds ratios, respectively, 0.77 (0.64–0.92), and 0.65 (0.55–0.78). In conclusion, educational attainment and vegetable intake decreased significantly the risk of obesity in Portuguese adults from both genders; fruits and starchy foods consumption also decreased the risk of obesity in women.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Methods 2.1. Participants and general characteristics 2.2. Physical activity 2.3. Food and beverages intake 2.4. Education 2.5. Income 2.6. Statistical analysis 3. Results 4. Discussion 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements References
The prevalence of obesity has been drastically increasing over the past 20 years. Other obesity related conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, have also increased in a corresponding manner and, in 2005, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) reduced the cut-off for defining impaired blood glucose. Evidence suggests that just a modest amount of weight loss can improve obesity related co-morbidities. The present study first, investigated changes in health measures after participation in a four week residential weight loss program. Second, individuals were classified according to the 2005 criteria for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes to determine if glucose regulation changed after weight loss. A total of 93 individuals were categorized as normal glucose (n = 56), impaired fasting glucose (n = 23) or diabetic range (n = 14) after initial blood laboratory screening. After four weeks and a 6.5% weight reduction, participants showed significant improvements in health risks. Further, most participants with elevated fasting glucose shifted into a healthier range. Findings are discussed in terms of health improvements that occur after weight loss within a four week lifestyle intervention.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1. Participants 2.2. Structure house program 2.2.1. Diet 2.2.2. Exercise 2.2.3. Cognitive-behavior modification 2.3. Health measures 2.4. Statistical methods 3. Results 3.1. Baseline values 3.2. Changes in health risks 3.3. Changes in diabetic risk status 4. Discussion Acknowledgements References
The primary aim of this study was to create a condensed short-form version of the structured interview named the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS 1994–1996) via factor analysis. Data from 5765 participants of the 1994–1996 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey were used in the factor analysis. Appropriate sampling weights were used in the multivariate analyses (n = 5233) that compared subgroups (i.e., ethnic group, sex, etc.) on the subscales of the DHKS. A 50-item, 12-factor condensed version of the 149-item original DHKS was derived from the analyses. Multivariate analyses, using age and education as covariates, indicated significant differences in dietary beliefs, practices, and behaviors for individuals of different ethnic groups, sex, dieting status, and BMI. Based on our analyses, the condensed short-form version of the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey appears to be a convenient and efficient tool, used in sections or in its entirety, for examining various dietary practices and beliefs of adults. The results from analysis of the short-form DHKS indicate that although a very large proportion of adults in the U.S. are overweight or obese, only a small proportion report current dieting. Examination of the DHKS indicates that although adults varied in their dietary beliefs and practices, dieters tended to report healthier dietary practices and attitudes than non-dieters. BMI level was positively related to self-reported amount of fat, cholesterol, and calories consumed.Article Outline 1. Method 1.1. Participants 1.2. Variables of interest 2. Results 2.1. Factor analysis 2.2. Examination of dietary practices 3. Discussion References
The present study sought to determine whether postcessation weight gain concerns influenced pretreatment attrition differently for pre- versus postmenopausal women smokers. Participants were pre- and postmenopausal women smokers drawn from two clinical trials for smoking cessation and weight gain prevention [the Smoking Treatment/Obesity Prevention (STOP) studies]. Predictors of attrition from baseline assessment visits prior to entering smoking cessation treatment were identified among these women. Pretreatment attrition was significantly higher among the premenopausal women. The premenopausal women had significantly higher weight concern but lower restraint and disinhibition than the postmenopausal women. Weight concern explained variance in treatment attrition from the programs, while controlling for variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking rate, number of years smoking, nicotine dependence level, dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger, such that the higher the weight concern, the more likely women were to drop out of treatment programs prior to a quitting attempt.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Methods 2.1. Participants 2.2. Instruments 2.3. Procedure 3. Results 3.1. Pre- versus postmenopausal women characteristics 3.2. Attrition among pre- versus postmenopausal women 3.3. Weight concern and pretreatment attrition 4. Discussion 4.1. Differences between pre- and postmenopausal women on weight-related concerns 4.2. Weight concern and pretreatment attrition Acknowledgements References
The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of attachment insecurity in a clinical sample of 268 eating disordered women. Structural relationships among attachment insecurity, BMI, perceived pressure to diet, body dissatisfaction, restrained eating, and negative affect were assessed. A heterogeneous sample of treatment seeking women with a diagnosed eating disorder completed psychometric tests prior to receiving treatment. The data were analysed using structural equation modeling. Fit indices indicated that the hypothesized model fit adequately to the data. Although cross-sectional in nature, the data suggested that attachment insecurity may lead to negative affect. As well, attachment insecurity may lead to body dissatisfaction, which in turn may lead to restrained eating among women with eating disorders. Attachment insecurity could be a possible vulnerability factor for the development of eating disorder symptoms among women.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1. Participants 2.2. Procedure 2.3. Factors, variables and measures 2.4. Overview of structural equation modeling analyses 3. Results 3.1. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural model 4. Discussion Acknowledgements References
This study compared maladaptive core beliefs of eating-disordered groups (full and subthreshold syndrome) and healthy controls and investigated the association between eating disorder symptoms and core beliefs. Participants were compared on self-report measures of core beliefs (YSQ) and eating disorder psychopathology (BITE). Anorexia nervosa (AN; both subtypes) and bulimia nervosa (BN) patients had significantly more core beliefs than healthy controls. Binge eating disorder (BED) patients had intermediate scores between AN and BN on the one hand and healthy controls on the other hand. No correlation was found between core beliefs and frequency of binge eating. Frequency of vomiting, laxative misuse and fasting was positively associated with all domains of core beliefs. Patients with eating disorders have some core beliefs which are not directly related to eating, weight or shape. Frequency of purging and fasting behaviors is associated with more severe maladaptive core beliefs. Our data demonstrate the importance of identifying purging and fasting as significant clinical markers.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1. Participants and procedure 2.2. Measures 2.3. Data analysis 3. Results 3.1. Characteristics of the sample 3.2. Patterns of core beliefs 3.3. Correlations between specific eating disorder psychopathology and core beliefs 4. Discussion Acknowledgements References
Some recent studies have reported strong links between obesity and ADHD in adults; however, to date, little work has focussed on possible behavioural mechanisms that could account for this association. Method This study used structural equation modelling (SEM) in a sample of healthy adult women to test the predictions that ADHD symptoms predict aspects of overeating, including binge eating and emotionally-induced eating, which in turn are positively correlated with Body Mass Index. Results The SEM produced a non-significant chi-square and both the measurement model and the structural model fit the data very well. Conclusions Plausible mechanisms are discussed to help explain how the symptomatology of ADHD could foster different forms of overeating.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1. Participants 2.2. Measures 2.2.1. Body Mass Index 2.2.2. Childhood symptoms of ADHD 2.2.3. Impulsivity 2.2.4. Eating behaviour 2.3. Procedure 3. Results 4. Discussion References
While cognitive formulations of eating disorders emphasise the role of dysfunctional assumptions regarding eating, weight and shape (EWS), less is known about the role of dysfunctional assumptions that are unrelated to EWS and those linking beliefs about EWS with negative beliefs about the self or the world. The present study aimed to develop a brief measure of dysfunctional assumptions in the eating disorders and to validate it clinically. Given that cognitive-behavioural therapy frequently involves the testing of patients' assumptions with the help of behavioural experiments, the measure was designed specifically to assess assumptions that can be addressed using such techniques. Method The sample consisted of 79 women with DSM-IV eating disorder diagnoses. Each participant completed the measure of testable assumptions in the eating disorders (TAQ-ED), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (Brief FNE). Results The TAQ-ED was made up of three scales, each of which had acceptable psychometric properties. High scores on the eating attitudes/behaviours scales of the EDI and on the Brief FNE were broadly associated with dysfunctional assumptions about the world and one's body. In contrast, high scores on ego-dysfunction scales of the EDI were associated with dysfunctional assumptions about feelings. Conclusions Different aspects of eating disorder pathology appear to be linked to different types of dysfunctional assumptions in the eating disorders. The clinical value of the proposed new measure of dysfunctional assumptions is discussed, and ideas are provided for behavioural experiments testing such assumptions.Article Outline 1. Method 1.1. Participants 1.2. Measures and procedure 1.3. Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI; Garner, Olmsted, & Polivy, 1983) 1.4. Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Brief FNE; Leary, 1983) 1.5. Testable Assumptions Questionnaire — Eating Disorders (TAQ-ED) 1.6. Data analysis 2. Results 2.1. Factor structure of the TAQ-ED 2.2. Association of assumptions with eating and related attitudes 2.3. Association of assumptions with behavioural features 3. Discussion Acknowledgements References
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the Portuguese version of the Binge Eating Scale (BES) to assess binge eating disorder (BED) in a clinical sample. The BES is a self-reported instrument developed to identify binge eaters within the obese population. The scale, at the cutoff point of 17, was compared with the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV—Patient version (SCID-I/P). It was administered to 178 obese Brazilian women, aged 18 to 60 years, seeking treatment for obesity at an outpatient clinic. To assess the test–retest reliability, 121 individuals filled the instrument again 15 days later. The Portuguese version of BES showed a sensitivity of 97.8%, a specificity of 47.7%, a positive predictive value of 66.7% and a negative predictive value of 95.3%. The test–retest reliability, measured by kappa statistics, was 0.66. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89. These results suggest that the BES is valid as a screening instrument for BED in obese Brazilian women seeking treatment for obesity.Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1. Subjects 2.2. Measurements 2.2.1. Structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV—patient version 2.2.2. Binge eating scale 2.2.3. Definition of obesity 2.3. Procedures 2.4. Statistical analysis 3. Results 3.1. Concurrent validity 3.2. Internal consistency 3.3. Temporal stability 4. Discussion References pass gigle.ws Please select one mirror to download
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