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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (all published Online-Articles 2006)
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (all published Online-Articles 2006) Summary:all published single Online Articles 2006 sample in two PDFs PDF 187 Pages (21 articles) PDF 193 Pages (23 articles) open access to all articles -> ijbnpa.org The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (IJBNPA) is an open access, international and peer-reviewed journal devoted to furthering the understanding of the behavioral aspects of diet and physical activity. Behavioral processes are believed to be at the heart of successful efforts to improve people's health through diet and physical activity. The IJBNPA is the journal of the International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA). The ISBNPA is an international, interdisciplinary society of researchers who focus on issues related to behavioral nutrition and physical activity. ISBNPA aims to stimulate and promote innovative research in the area of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, advocate for the interests of behavioral nutrition and physical activity in research and policy, and promote the improvement of human health on a global scale through attention to nutrition and physical activity population behaviors.What is Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity? The importance of physical activity and eating behaviors in promoting health is more prominently recognized than ever before. Physical activity and eating behaviors also play an important role in preventing chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and some cancers. Yet population eating and physical activity behaviors do not follow recommended patterns, and imbalances remain across many population segments. Current behavioral models to do not capture the complex determinants of food and physical activity behaviors. Even less is known about the most effective ways to intervene to promote healthful eating and physical activity.How is IJBNPA responding to these challenges? The IJBNPA seeks to encourage and disseminate novel and innovative research on physical activity and eating behaviors. The IJBNPA is unique in its international focus on the behavioral aspects of nutrition and physical activity, its inclusion of multiple levels of analysis, including populations, groups and individuals, and its inclusion of epidemiology, and behavioral, theoretical and measurement research areas. The IJBNPA strongly seeks an international perspective. In particular, papers from a variety of cultural settings are of interest to redress the current narrow focus of models and interventions that have been developed and evaluated in homogeneous settings in the western industrialized world. New ideas, new models and new methods are sought while retaining methodological rigor and high standards of scholarship. In particular, it is recognized that trans-disciplinary research among epidemiology, psychology, environmental and ecological sciences, political science, economics, and sociology has much to offer the field for theoretical and methodological innovations. Table of Contents: Research
(1) Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and the Children's Hospital Regional Medical Center, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Box 359300, G0007 Seattle, WA 98105-0371, USA and (2) Child Health Institute, University of Washington, Box 354920 Seattle WA 98195-4920, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:1 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-1 Abstract Background: Federal nutritional guidelines apply to school foods provided through the national school lunch and breakfast programs, but few federal regulations apply to other foods and drinks sold in schools (labeled "competitive foods"), which are often high in calories, fat and sugar. Competitive food policies among school districts are increasingly viewed as an important modifiable factor in the school nutrition environment, particularly to address rising rates of childhood overweight. Congress passed legislation in 2004 requiring all school districts to develop a Wellness Policy that includes nutrition guidelines for competitive foods starting in 2006–2007. In addition, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recently published recommendations for schools to address childhood obesity. Methods: Representatives of school districts with the largest student enrollment in each state and D.C. (N = 51) were interviewed in October-November 2004 about each school district's nutrition policies on "competitive foods." District policies were examined and compared to the Institute of Medicine's recommendations for schools to address childhood obesity. Information about state competitive food policies was accessed via the Internet, and through state and district contacts. Results: The 51 districts accounted for 5.9 million students, representing 11% of US students. Nineteen of the 51 districts (39%) had competitive food policies beyond state or federal requirements. The majority of these district policies (79%) were adopted since 2002. School district policies varied in scope and requirements. Ten districts (53%) set different standards by grade level. Most district policies had criteria for food and beverage content (74%) and prohibited the sale of soda in all schools (63%); fewer policies restricted portion size of foods (53%) or beverages (47%). Restrictions more often applied to vending machines (95%), cafeteria à la carte (79%), and student stores (79%) than fundraising activities (47%). Most of the policies did not address more comprehensive approaches to the school nutrition environment, such as nutrition education (32%) or advertising to students (26%), nor did they include guidelines on physical education (11%). In addition, few policies addressed monitoring (32%) or consequences for non-compliance (11%). No policy restricted foods sold for after-school fundraising or required monitoring physical health indicators (e.g. BMI). Conclusion: When compared to the Institute of Medicine's recommendations for schools' role in preventing obesity, none of the nutrition policies among each state's largest school district had addressed all the recommendations by 2004–2005. Nutritionists, nurses, pediatricians, parents, and others concerned about child health have an unprecedented opportunity to help shape and implement more comprehensive school district nutrition policies as part of the Congressional requirement for a "Wellness Policy" by 2006–2007.Research
(1) Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 South 2nd Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1015, USA and (2) Guidant Corporation, Cardiac Rhythm Management Group, 4100 Hamline Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:2 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-2 Abstract Objective: Eating at "fast food" restaurants has increased and is linked to obesity. This study examined whether living or working near "fast food" restaurants is associated with body weight. Methods: A telephone survey of 1033 Minnesota residents assessed body height and weight, frequency of eating at restaurants, and work and home addresses. Proximity of home and work to restaurants was assessed by Global Index System (GIS) methodology. Results: Eating at "fast food" restaurants was positively associated with having children, a high fat diet and Body Mass Index (BMI). It was negatively associated with vegetable consumption and physical activity. Proximity of "fast food" restaurants to home or work was not associated with eating at "fast food" restaurants or with BMI. Proximity of "non-fast food" restaurants was not associated with BMI, but was associated with frequency of eating at those restaurants. Conclusion: Failure to find relationships between proximity to "fast food" restaurants and obesity may be due to methodological weaknesses, e.g. the operational definition of "fast food" or "proximity", or homogeneity of restaurant proximity. Alternatively, the proliferation of "fast food" restaurants may not be a strong unique cause of obesity.Research
Address: (1) Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA and (2) HealthPartners Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:3 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-3 Abstract Background: Many adults in the United States report engaging in weight loss behaviors. The current study examined weight loss strategies among managed care organization members, to determine the prevalence and impact of weight loss behaviors in this population. We hypothesized that greater engagement in weight loss strategies would be associated with greater weight loss success. Methods: Data were taken from Weigh-to-Be (WTB), a two-year weight loss trial (N = 1801, 72% female, mean age = 50.7 years, mean weight = 95.9 kg, mean BMI = 34.2 kg/m2). Every six months, participants completed a questionnaire assessing frequency and duration of weight loss strategies (calorie reduction, fat reduction, increased fruit/vegetable intake, increased exercise, elimination of sweets, consumption of less food). General linear models and structural equation methods were used to examine associations between weight loss strategy use and weight change over time. Results: Weight loss strategy prevalence rates ranged from 68% to 76% over two years. For all dietary strategies, any use of the strategy between baseline and 24 months was associated with weight loss at 24 months; those who did not engage in the strategy showed weight gains during that period. Results of general linear models and structural equation models indicated that increased use of weight loss strategies was significantly associated with greater 24-month weight loss. Conclusion: The prevalence of weight loss strategies in this obese adult managed care population was quite high, and use of these strategies was associated in dose-response fashion with better weight loss. Future interventions may benefit from emphasis on persistence of similar strategies to achieve more successful outcomes.Research
(1) Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, PHS: Research and Outreach Programs, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, (2) Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA, (3) Department of Communication, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA and (4) Department of Statistics, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity2006, 3:4 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-4 Abstract Background: This study examines the portrayals of soft drinks in popular American movies as a potential vehicle for global marketing and an indicator of covert product placement. Methods: We conducted a content analysis of America's top-ten grossing films from 1991 through 2000 that included portrayals of beverages (95 movies total). Coding reliabilities were assessed with Cohen's kappa, and exceeded 0.80. If there was at least one instance of branding for a beverage, the film was considered having branded beverages. Fisher's exact test was used to determine if soft drink portrayals were related to audience rating or genre. Data on the amount of time soft drinks appeared onscreen was log transformed to satisfy the assumption of normality, and analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA model. McNemar's test of agreement was used to test whether branded soft drinks are as likely to appear or to be actor-endorsed compared to other branded beverages. Results: Rating was not associated with portrayals of branded soft drinks, but comedies were most likely to include a branded soft drink (p = 0.0136). Branded soft drinks appeared more commonly than other branded non-alcoholic beverages (p = 0.0001), branded beer (p = 0.0004), and other branded alcoholic beverages (p = 0.0006). Actors consumed branded soft drinks in five times the number of movies compared to their consumption of other branded non-alcoholic beverages (p = 0.0126). About half the revenue from the films with portrayals of branded soft drinks come from film sales outside the U.S. Conclusion: The frequent appearance of branded soft drinks provides indirect evidence that product placement is a common practice for American-produced films shown in the U.S. and other countries.Research
Address: (1) San Diego State University Research Foundation, 9245 Sky Park Court, San Diego, CA 92123, USA, (2) San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 3900 Fifth Avenue, San Diego, CA 92103, USA and (3) University of California, San Diego, Family and Preventive Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA * Corresponding author †Equal contributors International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity2006, 3:7 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-7 Abstract Background: The criterion-related validity and measurement bias of the long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was compared to the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall (PAR). Methods: Participants were women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer and enrolled in the ongoing Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. Women (N = 159, average age 57 years) wore an accelerometer for one week and then completed the IPAQ or the PAR. Results: The validity correlation of the PAR was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the IPAQ (0.73 vs. 0.33, respectively). The PAR and IPAQ overestimated total physical activity by 13% vs. 247%, respectively. The PAR had better sensitivity (p = 0.14) and specificity (p < .01) than the IPAQ (100% vs. 71% and 84% vs. 59%, respectively) in predicting attainment of the ACSM physical activity guideline. Conclusion: The PAR was superior to the IPAQ in terms of validity, measurement bias, and screening statistics.Research
(1) Center for Health for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA and (2) Human Nutrition Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity2006, 3:8 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-8 Abstract Background: Despite the importance of social support in promoting physical activity, little is known about the relative influence of the type or source of social support on adolescent girls' physical activity and sedentary behaviors. This study examined the associations of two types of social support (social participation in and social encouragement for physical activity) and two social support sources (family and friends) with self-reported daily minutes of physical activity and sedentary behavior among sixth-grade girls in Texas. Methods: A secondary analysis of 718 sixth-grade girls between the ages of 10 to 14 was performed using cross-sectional baseline data from an osteoporosis prevention intervention study. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors (television-video viewing and computer-video game playing) were assessed using 3 administrations of the Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist; social support indicators were assessed with Likert-type items from a psychosocial questionnaire. Results: In multiple linear regression analyses, friend physical activity participation (partial correlation coefficient (r) = 0.10, p = .009) and friend (r = 0.12) and family encouragement (r = 0.11) (p < .01, respectively) were positively related to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in the full model with other support variables, BMI and ethnicity; friend encouragement was the only variable positively related to vigorous physical activity (r = 0.11, p = .005). Family participation in physical activity had the strongest negative correlation with total minutes of television-video viewing and computer-video playing (r = -0.08, p < .05). Conclusion: Findings lend support to the importance of social support for physical activity among adolescent girls but suggest that the source and type of social support may differ for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Further research is needed to assess the causal or reciprocal relation between the roles of friends and family in promoting physical activity and of family physical activity in decreasing sedentary behaviors among early adolescent girls. Debate
(1) Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, University of Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, (2) Department of Nutrition and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (3) National Institute of Public health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, (4) Department of Public and Occupational Health and Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and (5) Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:9 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-9 Abstract Background: Studies on the impact of the 'obesogenic' environment have often used non-theoretical approaches. In this journal's debate and in other papers authors have argued the necessity of formulating conceptual models for differentiating the causal role of environmental influences on behavior. Discussion: The present paper aims to contribute to the debate by presenting a dual-process view on the environment – behavior relationship. This view is conceptualized in the EnRG framework (Environmental Research framework for weight Gain prevention). In the framework, behavior is postulated to be the result of a simultaneous influence of conscious and unconscious processes. Environmental influences are hypothesized to influence behavior both indirectly and directly. The indirect causal mechanism reflects the mediating role of behavior-specific cognitions in the influence of the environment on behavior. A direct influence reflects the automatic, unconscious, influence of the environment on behavior. Specific personal and behavioral factors are postulated to moderate the causal path (i.e., inducing either the automatic or the cognitively mediated environment – behavior relation). In addition, the EnRG framework applies an energy balance-approach, stimulating the integrated study of determinants of diet and physical activity. Conclusion: The application of a dual-process view may guide research towards causal mechanisms linking specific environmental features with energy balance-related behaviors in distinct populations. The present paper is hoped to contribute to the evolution of a paradigm that may help to disentangle the role of 'obesogenic' environmental factors. Methodology
(1) School of Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia and (2) School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:10 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-10 Abstract Background: Self-report recall questionnaires are commonly used to measure physical activity, energy expenditure and time use in children and adolescents. However, self-report questionnaires show low to moderate validity, mainly due to inaccuracies in recalling activity in terms of duration and intensity. Aside from recall errors, inaccuracies in estimating energy expenditure from self-report questionnaires are compounded by a lack of data on the energy cost of everyday activities in children and adolescents. This article describes the development of the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents (MARCA), a computer-delivered use-of-time instrument designed to address both the limitations of self-report recall questionnaires in children, and the lack of energy cost data in children. Methods: The test-retest reliability of the MARCA was assessed using a sample of 32 children (aged 11.8 ± 0.7 y) who undertook the MARCA twice within 24-h. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing self-reports with accelerometer counts collected on a sample of 66 children (aged 11.6 ± 0.8 y). Content and construct validity were assessed by establishing whether data collected using the MARCA on 1429 children (aged 11.9 ± 0.8 y) exhibited relationships and trends in children's physical activity consistent with established findings from a number of previous research studies. Results: Test-retest reliability was high with intra-class coefficients ranging from 0.88 to 0.94. The MARCA demonstrated criterion validity comparable to other self-report instruments with Spearman coefficients ranging from rho = 0.36 to 0.45, and provided evidence of good content and construct validity. Conclusion: The MARCA is a valid and reliable self-report questionnaire, capable of a wide variety of flexible use-of-time analyses related to both physical activity and sedentary behaviour, and offers advantages over existing pen-and-paper questionnaires. Research
(1) Albuquerque School System, 1304 Sierra Larga NE, Albuquerque, NM 87112, USA and (2) University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 225 FScN, 1334 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108–6099, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:11 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-11 Abstract Background: To investigate the efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict healthy eating behavior in a group of urban Native American youth. Methods: Native American boys and girls (n = 139), ages 9–18 years old, were given a self-administered survey to assess eating behavior using the TBP constructs (intention, attitude, subjective norm, barriers, self-efficacy, and perceived behavioral control). Youth were also measured for height and weight and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Bivariate correlations and stepwise regression analyses of TBP model were performed with SPSS software. Results: No association was found between intention and healthy eating behavior. However, independently healthy eating behavior was correlated with barriers (0.46), attitude (0.44), perceived behavioral control (0.35), and subjective norm (0.34). The most predictive barriers to eating healthy included the availability and taste of foods. Boys' eating behavior was most predicted by subjective norm, while girls' eating behavior was most predicted by barriers. Conclusion: Lack of association between intention and healthy eating behavior suggests that factors other than intentions may drive healthy eating behaviors in urban Native American youth. Results indicate that programs promoting healthy eating to youth might focus on collaborating with families to make healthy foods more appealing to youth.Research
(1) Ph.D Candidate in Public Health, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Student Member, Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé (GRIS), University of Montreal; Project Coordinator, CLSC René-Cassin/Institute of Social Gerontology of Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, (2) Assistant Professor, Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal; Associate Researcher, Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé (GRIS), University of Montreal, and CLSC René-Cassin/Institute of Social Gerontology of Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, (3) Full Professor, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal; Associate Researcher, Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé (GRIS), University of Montreal; Researcher, The Léa-Roback Centre on Social Inequalities of Health in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and (4) Senior Scientist, Division of Outcomes & Population Health, University Health Network & Associate Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada * Corresponding author †Equal contributors International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:12 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-12 Abstract Background: This study examined the impact of a home-based self-management intervention for housebound older adults with arthritis on the adoption of health behaviors. The moderating role of socio-demographic, psychological, and physical characteristics in the process of behavior change was also investigated. Methods: Participants were 113 older adult women (n = 102) and men (n = 11) with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 68) or wait list control (n = 45) groups. Participants were interviewed using standardized questionnaires at baseline, pre-intervention, and post-intervention. Results: Adjusted multilevel modeling analyses indicated that from pre to post intervention, experimental participants significantly increased their weekly frequency of exercise and relaxation activities. Socioeconomic status and depression played a moderating role in this change for exercise with larger effects occurring among more privileged, non-depressed participants. Conclusion: We conclude that a self-management intervention can successfully improve involvement in exercise and relaxation among housebound older adults with arthritis.Research
Address: (1) Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Universiteit Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands and (2) Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:13 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-13 Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases are caused by multiple behavioral factors, including different dietary factors. We examined to what extent fruit, vegetable and fish consumption are related, and whether behavioral determinants vary across these dietary behaviors from a Transtheoretical model perspective. Methods: Data were collected among 1142 participants (T0; response rate 46%) selected from an Internet panel, who were followed-up one-week later (T1; N = 1055, response rate 92%). Mean age was 35.4 (SD = 11.9) years, 35% was male, and most respondents were of Dutch origin (90%). Of the respondents, 13%, 44% and 43% had a low, medium or high level of education, respectively. Electronic questionnaires assessed fruit, vegetable and fish intake (food frequency questionnaires), stages of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy, for each of these three behaviors. Results: Stages of change and (changes in) fruit, vegetable and fish intake were only weakly associated; decisional balance and self-efficacy were more strongly associated. Some presumed predictors of stage transitions were similar for fruit, vegetable, and fish intake, i.e., strong pros predicted progress out of precontemplators and low self-efficacy predicted relapse from action/ maintenance for all behaviors. However, progress out of contemplation and out of preparation showed different patterns for fruit, vegetable and fish intake. Conclusion: The weak associations between intakes and potential determinants for fruit, vegetable, and fish consumption do not warrant an integrated dietary change approach targeting the same determinants for each behavior.Research
Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:14 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-14 Abstract Background: Previous research has documented a negative association between maternal report of child food neophobia and reported frequency of consumption of fruit, vegetables, and meat. This study aimed to establish whether neophobia is associated with lower intake of these food types in naturalistic mealtime situations. Methods: One hundred and nine parents of 4–5 year olds completed questionnaires which included a six-item version of the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS). The children took part in a series of 3 test lunch meals at weekly intervals at school at which they were presented with: chicken, cheese, bread, cheese crackers, chocolate biscuits, grapes and tomatoes or carrot sticks. Food items served to each child were weighed before and after the meal to assess total intake of items in four categories: Fruit and vegetables, Protein foods, Starchy foods and Snack foods. Pearson Product Moment Correlations and independent t tests were performed to examine associations between scores on the CFNS and consumption during lunches. Results: Neophobia was associated with lower consumption of fruit and vegetables, protein foods and total calories, but there was no association with intake of starch or snack foods. Conclusion: These results support previous research that has suggested that neophobia impacts differentially on consumption of different food types. Specifically it appears that children who score highly on the CFNS eat less fruit, vegetables and protein foods than their less neophobic peers. Attempts to increase intake of fruit, vegetables and protein might usefully incorporate strategies known to reduce the neophobic response. Short paper
(1) School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA, (2) Center for Weight & Health, College of Natural Resources & School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA and (3) Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:15 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-15 Abstract With the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States, and the minimal success of education-based interventions, there is growing interest in understanding the role of the neighborhood food environment in determining dietary behavior. This study, as part of a larger study, identifies historical data on retail food stores, evaluates strengths and limitations of the data for research, and assesses the comparability of historical retail food store data from a government and a commercial source. Five government and commercial listings of retail food stores were identified. The California State Board of Equalization (SBOE) database was selected and then compared to telephone business directory listings. The Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the congruency of food store counts per census tract between the SBOE and telephone business directory databases. The setting was four cities in Northern California, 1979–1990. The SBOE and telephone business directory databases listed 127 and 351 retail food stores, respectively. The SBOE listed 36 stores not listed by the telephone business directories, while the telephone business directories listed 260 stores not listed by the SBOE. Spearman's correlation coefficients between estimates of stores per census tract made from the SBOE listings and those made from the telephone business directory listings were approximately 0.5 (p < .0001) for the types of stores studied (chain supermarkets, small grocery stores, and chain convenience markets). We conclude that, depending on the specific aims of the study, caution and considerable effort must be exercised in using and applying historical data on retail food stores.Short paper
Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:16 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-16 Abstract Background: Environmental factors are increasingly being implicated as key influences on children's physical activity. Few studies have comprehensively examined children's perceptions of their environment, and there is a paucity of literature on acceptable and reliable scales for measuring these. This study aimed to develop and test the acceptability and reliability of a scale which examined a broad range of environmental perceptions among children. Methods: Based on constructs from ecological models, a survey incorporating items on children's perceptions of the physical and social environment at home and in the neighbourhood was developed. This was administered on two occasions, nine days apart, to a sample of 39 children aged 11 years (54% boys), attending a metropolitan Australian elementary school. The acceptability of the survey was determined by the proportion of missing responses to each item. The test-retest reliability of individual items, scores and scales were determined using Kappa statistics and percent agreement for categorical variables, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for continuous variables. Results: There were few missing responses to each question, with only 4% of all responses missing. Although some Kappa values were low, all categorical variables showed acceptable reliability when examined for percent agreement between test and retest (range 68%–100% agreement). Continuous variables all showed moderate to good ICC values (range 0.72–0.92). Conclusion: Findings suggest this questionnaire is reliable and acceptable to children for assessing environmental perceptions relevant to physical activity among 11-year-old children.Research
(1) Physical Activity and Health Branch, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA and (2) Chronic Disease Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:17 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-17 Abstract Background: There is limited population-based data on behavioral factors found to be important for successful weight loss maintenance among adults. Methods: Data from the 2004 Styles surveys, mailed to U.S. adults aged ≥18 years were used to examine the difference in selected weight loss strategies and attitudes among persons who reported successful weight loss attempts (lost weight and able to keep it off) and persons who were not successful (previous attempts to lose weight were unsuccessful or they could not keep the lost weight off). Behaviors examined included modification of diet, leisure-time and sports activities, and self-monitoring, and barriers to weight management. Results: Among adults who reported losing weight or trying to lose weight, 31.0% had been successful at both losing weight and maintenance after weight loss. Successful weight loss status differed by sex, age, and current weight status. Assessment of reported weight loss strategies, found that exercising ≥30 minutes/day and adding physical activity to daily life were significantly higher among successful versus unsuccessful weight losers. Individuals who were successful at weight loss and maintenance were less likely to use over-the-counter diet products than those who were unsuccessful at weight loss. Significantly more successful versus unsuccessful weight losers reported that on most days of the week they planned meals (35.9% vs. 24.9%), tracked calories (17.7% vs. 8.8%), tracked fat (16.4% vs. 6.6%), and measured food on plate (15.9% vs. 6.7%). Successful losers were also more likely to weigh themselves daily (20.3% vs. 11.0%). There were a significantly higher proportion of successful losers who reported lifting weights (19.0%) versus unsuccessful (10.9%). The odds of being a successful weight loser were 48%–76% lower for those reporting exercise weight control barriers were influencing factors (e.g., no time, too tired to exercise, no one to exercise with, too hard to maintain exercise routine) compared to those who reported little or no influence of exercise; similarly, the odds were 48–64% lower for those who found certain dietary barriers to be influential (e.g., eat away from home too often, diet/health food costs too much). Conclusion: Self-monitoring strategies such as weighing oneself, planning meals, tracking fat and calories, exercising 30 or more minutes daily, and/or adding physical activity to daily routine may be important in successful weight loss maintenance. Leisure-time activities such as lifting weights or cooking/baking for fun are common strategies reported by those who were successful weight losers. Research
(1) Department of Health Policy, Management and Behavior, University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, NY, USA and (2) Department of Geography and Planning, University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, NY, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:19 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-19 Abstract Background: Many youth today are physically inactive. Recent attention linking the physical or built environment to physical activity in adults suggests an investigation into the relationship between the built environment and physical activity in children could guide appropriate intervention strategies. Method: Thirty three quantitative studies that assessed associations between the physical environment (perceived or objectively measured) and physical activity among children (ages 3 to 18-years) and fulfilled selection criteria were reviewed. Findings were categorized and discussed according to three dimensions of the physical environment including recreational infrastructure, transport infrastructure, and local conditions. Results: Results across the various studies showed that children's participation in physical activity is positively associated with publicly provided recreational infrastructure (access to recreational facilities and schools) and transport infrastructure (presence of sidewalks and controlled intersections, access to destinations and public transportation). At the same time, transport infrastructure (number of roads to cross and traffic density/speed) and local conditions (crime, area deprivation) are negatively associated with children's participation in physical activity. Conclusion: Results highlight links between the physical environment and children's physical activity. Additional research using a transdisciplinary approach and assessing moderating and mediating variables is necessary to appropriately inform policy efforts. Research
(1) Department of Public and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, (2) Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, (3) Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, (4) Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA, (5) Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, (6) Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA and (7) Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA * Corresponding author †Equal contributors International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:20 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-20 Abstract Background: Rising obesity and declining physical activity levels are of great concern because of the associated health risks. Many children are left unsupervised after the school day ends, but little is known about the association between unsupervised time and physical activity levels. This paper seeks to determine whether adolescent girls who are without adult supervision after school are more or less active than their peers who have a caregiver at home. Methods: A random sample of girls from 36 middle schools at 6 field sites across the U.S. was selected during the fall of the 2002–2003 school year to participate in the baseline measurement activities of the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG). Information was collected using six-day objectively measured physical activity, self-reported physical activity using a three-day recall, and socioeconomic and psychosocial measures. Complete information was available for 1422 out of a total of 1596 respondents. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi square and continuous variables were analyzed by t-tests. The four categories of time alone were compared using a mixed linear model controlling for clustering effects by study center. Results: Girls who spent more time after school (≥2 hours per day, ≥2 days per week) without adult supervision were more active than those with adult supervision (p = 0.01). Girls alone for ≥2 hours after school, ≥2 days a week, on average accrue 7.55 minutes more moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day than do girls who are supervised (95% confidence interval ([C.I]). These results adjusted for ethnicity, parent's education, participation in the free/reduced lunch program, neighborhood resources, or available transportation. Unsupervised girls (n = 279) did less homework (53.1% vs. 63.3%), spent less time riding in a car or bus (48.0% vs. 56.6%), talked on the phone more (35.5% vs. 21.1%), and watched more television (59.9% vs. 52.6%) than supervised girls (n = 569). However, unsupervised girls also were more likely to be dancing (14.0% vs. 9.3%) and listening to music (20.8% vs. 12.0%) (p < .05). Conclusion: Girls in an unsupervised environment engaged in fewer structured activities and did not immediately do their homework, but they were more likely to be physically active than supervised girls. These results may have implications for parents, school, and community agencies as to how to structure activities in order to encourage teenage girls to be more physically active.Review
(1) Department of Social Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, (2) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway, (3) Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA and (4) Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:22 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-22 Abstract Background: In order to more effectively promote fruit and vegetable intake among children and adolescents, insight into determinants of intake is necessary. We conducted a review of the literature for potential determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in children and adolescents. Methods: Papers were identified from Medline and PsycINFO by using all combinations of the search terms: "fruit(s) or vegetable(s)" and "children or adolescents". Quantitative research examining determinants of fruit and/or vegetable intake among children and adolescents aged 6–18 years were included. The selection and review process was conducted according to a four-step protocol resulting in information on country, population, design, methodology, theoretical basis, instrument used for measuring intake, statistical analysis, included independent variables, and effect sizes. Results: Ninety-eight papers were included. A large number of potential determinants have been studied among children and adolescents. However, for many presumed determinants convincing evidence is lacking, mostly because of paucity of studies. The determinants best supported by evidence are: age, gender, socio-economic position, preferences, parental intake, and home availability/accessibility. Girls and younger children tend to have a higher or more frequent intake than boys and older children. Socio-economic position, preferences, parental intake, and home availability/accessibility are all consistently positively associated with intake. Conclusion: The determinants most consistently supported by evidence are gender, age, socio-economic position, preferences, parental intake and home availability/accessibility. There is a need for internationally comparative, longitudinal, theory-based and multi-level studies taking both personal and environmental factors into account. This paper is published as part of the special Pro Children series in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Please see [http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/3/1/26] for the relevant editorial.Research
(1) Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CA, USA and (2) College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SASK, CA, USA * Corresponding author †Equal contributors International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:23 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-23 Abstract Background: When examining the prevalence of physical inactivity by gender and age, women over the age of 25 are at an increased risk for sedentary behavior. Childbearing and motherhood have been explored as one possible explanation for this increased risk. Post natal exercise studies to date demonstrate promising physical and psychological outcomes, however few physical activity interventions have been theory-driven and tailored to post natal exercise initiates. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a group-mediated cognitive behavioral intervention based upon social-cognitive theory and group dynamics (GMCB) to a standard care postnatal exercise program (SE). Method: A randomized, two-arm intervention design was used. Fifty-seven post natal women were randomized to one of two conditions: (1) a standard exercise treatment (SE) and (2) a standard exercise treatment plus group-mediated cognitive behavioral intervention (GMCB). Participants in both conditions participated in a four-week intensive phase where participants received standard exercise training. In addition, GMCB participants received self-regulatory behavioral skills training via six group-mediated counseling sessions. Following the intensive phase, participants engaged in a four-week home-based phase of self-structured exercise. Measures of physical activity, barrier efficacy, and proximal outcome expectations were administered and data were analyzed using ANCOVA procedures. Results and discussion: ANCOVA of change scores for frequency, minutes, and volume of physical activity revealed significant treatment effects over the intensive and home-based phases (p's < 0.01). In addition, ANCOVA of change in mean barrier efficacy and proximal outcome expectations at the conclusion of the intensive phase demonstrated that GMCB participants increased their initial level of barrier efficacy and outcome expectations while SE participants decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: While both exercise programs resulted in improvements to exercise participation, the GMCB intervention produced greater improvement in overall physical activity, barrier efficacy and proximal outcome expectations.Research
(1) NSW Centre for Overweight and Obesity, University of Sydney, Australia, (2) The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia, (3) Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Sydney, Australia and (4) Centre of Physical Activity & Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Australia * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:24 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-24 Abstract Background: Few young people meet television viewing guidelines. Purpose: To determine the association between factors in the family and home environment and watching television, including videos and DVDs, in early adolescence. Methods: Cross-sectional, self-report survey of 343 adolescents aged 12–13 years (173 girls), and their parents (338 mothers, 293 fathers). Main measures were factors in the family and home environment potentially associated with adolescents spending ≥ 2 hours per day in front of the television. Factors examined included family structure, opportunities to watch television/video/DVDs, perceptions of rules and regulations on television viewing, and television viewing practices. Results: Two-thirds of adolescents watched ≥ 2 hours television per day. Factors in the family and home environment associated with adolescents watching television ≥ 2 hours per day include adolescents who have siblings (Adjusted Odds Ratio [95%CI] AOR = 3.0 [1.2, 7.8]); access to pay television (AOR = 2.0 [1.1, 3.7]); ate snacks while watching television (AOR = 3.1 [1.8, 5.4]); co-viewed television with parents (AOR = 2.3 [1.3, 4.2]); and had mothers who watched ≥ 2 hours television per day (AOR = 2.4 [1.3, 4.6]). Conclusion: There are factors in the family and home environment that influence the volume of television viewed by 12–13 year olds. Television plays a central role in the family environment, potentially providing a means of recreation among families of young adolescents for little cost. Interventions which target family television viewing practices and those of parents, in particular, are more likely to be effective than interventions which directly target adolescent viewing times.Debate
(1) University of Michigan, Department of Health Education and Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA and (2) Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:25 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-25 Abstract Background: The study of health behavior change, including nutrition and physical activity behaviors, has been rooted in a cognitive-rational paradigm. Change is conceptualized as a linear, deterministic process where individuals weigh pros and cons, and at the point at which the benefits outweigh the cost change occurs. Consistent with this paradigm, the associated statistical models have almost exclusively assumed a linear relationship between psychosocial predictors and behavior. Such a perspective however, fails to account for non-linear, quantum influences on human thought and action. Consider why after years of false starts and failed attempts, a person succeeds at increasing their physical activity, eating healthier or losing weight. Or, why after years of success a person relapses. This paper discusses a competing view of health behavior change that was presented at the 2006 annual ISBNPA meeting in Boston. Discussion: Rather than viewing behavior change from a linear perspective it can be viewed as a quantum event that can be understood through the lens of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems. Key principles of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems relevant to understanding health behavior change include: 1) Chaotic systems can be mathematically modeled but are nearly impossible to predict; 2) Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions; 3) Complex Systems involve multiple component parts that interact in a nonlinear fashion; and 4) The results of Complex Systems are often greater than the sum of their parts. Accordingly, small changes in knowledge, attitude, efficacy, etc may dramatically alter motivation and behavioral outcomes. And the interaction of such variables can yield almost infinite potential patterns of motivation and behavior change. In the linear paradigm unaccounted for variance is generally relegated to the catch all "error" term, when in fact such "error" may represent the chaotic component of the process. The linear and chaotic paradigms are however, not mutually exclusive, as behavior change may include both chaotic and cognitive processes. Studies of addiction suggest that many decisions to change are quantum rather than planned events; motivation arrives as opposed to being planned. Moreover, changes made through quantum processes appear more enduring than those that involve more rational, planned processes. How such processes may apply to nutrition and physical activity behavior and related interventions merits examination. Commentary
Centre for Public Health Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:26 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-26 Abstract This editorial introduces the special series in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity on the Pro Children study (Promoting and Sustaining Health through Increased vegetable and Fruit Consumption among European Schoolchildren). The Pro Children study is a new and innovative study that takes a cross -national approach to identifying the factors associated with fruit and vegetables consumption in European children (from nine countries) and evaluating a multi-centre intervention programme. A full set of papers on many aspects of the study will appear as a series in the IJBPNA allowing a more detailed view of design, behavioural theoretical constructs, action, methods for implementation, assessment tools, impacts and outcomes to be reported. Areas for future work will also be identified and discussed in the context of the 21st century developed world environment which is superb at encouraging the promotion of energy dense foods and drinks.Commentary
Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St., Houston, TX 77030, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:27 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-27 Abstract Resnicow & Vaughn challenged the field of behavioral nutrition and physical activity to conduct research in new ways. They challenged the predictiveness of our models, sensitivity to initial conditions, factors predisposing to change and measurement procedures. While the predictiveness of our models will reflect the sophistication of our thinking and research, and the sensitivity to initial conditions is subsumed under the sophistication of our models, research on conditions predisposing to change (e.g. epiphanies), more longitudinal designs, refined measurement procedures and testing of critical issues can only enhance the quality of our research. Improved research quality should lead to enhanced efficacy and effectiveness of our interventions, and thereby our making meaningful contributions to mitigating the chaos in our field and the crisis from the rising epidemic of obesity.Research
(1) Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, (2) Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA, (3) Epidemiology Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA, (4) Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, (5) Department of Public and Community Health, University of Maryland – College Park, College Park, MD, USA, (6) Department of Biostatistics, Coordinating Center, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and (7) Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA * Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006, 3:28 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-28 Abstract Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that the physical environment and transportation are associated with youth Please select one mirror to download
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