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Discourses on Social Software (Texts in Logic and Games) Summary:By Jan van Eijck, Rineke Verbrugge
Can computer scientists contribute to the solution of societal problems? Can logic help to model social interactions? Are there recipes for making groups with diverging preferences arrive at reasonable decisions? Why is common knowledge important for social interaction? Does the rational pursuit of individual interests put the public interest in danger, and if so, why? Discourses on Social Software sheds light on these and similar questions. This book offers the reader an ideal introduction to the exciting new field of social software. It shows in detail the many ways in which the seemingly abstract sciences of logic and computer science can be put to use to analyse and solve contemporary social problems. Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 1 Introductory Conversation Krister Segerberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 2 Replies to Angry, Prag and Star Rohit Parikh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3 What is Social Software? Jan van Eijck and Rohit Parikh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 A Guest Lecture on Social Software Jan van Eijck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5 Social Software and the Social Sciences Keith Dowding and Rineke Verbrugge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6 On Social Choice Theory Jan van Eijck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 7 Ends and Means, Values and Virtues Jan van Eijck and Martin van Hees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 8 Common Knowledge and Common Belief Hans van Ditmarsch, Jan van Eijck, Rineke Verbrugge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9 Game Theory, Logic and Rational Choice Johan van Benthem and Jan van Eijck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 10 What is Protocol Analysis? Francien Dechesne, Jan van Eijck, Wouter Teepe, Yanjing Wang . . . . .135 11 Dynamic Epistemic Logic for Protocol Analysis Francien Dechesne, Jan van Eijck, Wouter Teepe, Yanjing Wang . . . . .147 12 Battle of the Logics Barteld Kooi and Rineke Verbrugge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 13 Eating from the Tree of Ignorance Jan van Eijck and Rineke Verbrugge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 14 On Collective Rational Action Jan van Eijck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 15 Social Software and the Ills of Society Jan van Eijck, Rohit Parikh, Marc Pauly, Rineke Verbrugge . . . . . . . . . .219 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Preface This book has its genesis in a multi-disciplinary project Games, Action and Social Software", which was carried out at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIAS) in Wassenaar, from September 2006 through January 2007. This project brought together a group of creative researchers from philosophy, logic, computer science, cognitive science and economics, to investigate the logical, computational and strategic aspects of social mechanisms. The aim was to arrive at a multi-disciplinary perspective, and help create an active community with a more denite agenda. One of the deliverables of the project was to be an overview of this emerging new eld, and with an agenda for further research, with the contents of the book to be shaped by discussions and interaction at NIAS. Even though we had promised just one book as a collective deliverable of the project, it soon turned that it would also be worthwhile to publish two books. The present book is meant as an overview aimed at a wider audience. A second volume collects a set of chapters presenting the research that the group of aliated researchers carried out as part of the NIAS project, individually and in small interdisciplinary subgroups. This second book, which has a more conventional avour than the present volume, will appear in the Studies in Logic" series published under the editorship of Dov Gabbay by College Publications in London, under the title Games, Actions and Social Software. The core theme group of the Games, Action and Social Software" project was led by Jan van Eijck, from CWI, Amsterdam and Uil-OTS, Utrecht, and Rineke Verbrugge, from the Institute for Articial Intelligence of the University of Groningen. The other team members were Barbara Dunin-Keplicz, from the Institute of Informatics, of Warsaw University and the Polish Academy of Sciences, Martin van Hees, from the Philosophy Department of the University of Groningen, and Krister Segerberg, from the Institute of Philosophy at the University of Uppsala. In the course of the project several scholars joined this core group for shorter or longer visits: Johan van Benthem from the University of Amsterdam, Marc Pauly from Stanford University, Barteld Kooi from the University of Groningen, Keith Dowding then of the London School of Economics, now at the Australian National University, Canberra, Rohit Parikh from the City University of New York (CUNY), Hans van Ditmarsch from the University of Otago, New Zealand, Peter Gardenfors from Lund University, Andrzej Szalas from Linkoping University, and Nicola Dimitri from the University of Siena. They all contributed in one way or another to this volume, even if not all their names show up as chapter authors. Computer science, philosophy and logic have witnessed a shift of interest from the study of individual rational action to the study of rational interaction. Examples of the rst are computation of an output from a given input in computer science, individual rationality in philosophy, inference systems modelling a single idealized reasoner in logic. Examples of rational interaction are communicating systems in computer science, rational communities in philosophy, interactive proof systems and multi-modal logics modeling interaction of agents in logic. As we hope to show in these discourses, the study of intelligent interaction is highly relevant for society as a whole. It is certainly true in the case of social software that a new eld is emerging. When the project actually started in September 2006, we soon discovered that all of us had embarrassing gaps in our understanding of what the other disciplines in the project had on oer for our common enterprise. So we decided to make a virtue out of a necessity, by elevating the achievement of common understanding to the status of one of the project goals, and by making it our aim to write in-depth overviews of a number of core topics, in the literary form that was also used by Galileo Galilei in 1632 for his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, his famous comparison of the Copernican world view with that of Ptolemy. Heyting's introduction to intuitionistic mathematics [120] comes to mind as a more recent example. This book was written in the form of a discussion between a classical mathematician, a formalist, an intuitionistic mathematician, a nitistic nominalist, a pragmatist, and a signicist. Other sources of inspiration for this format were the dialogues on theoretical computer science which often appear in the EATCS Bulletin, the delightful dialogues by Raymond Smullyan (Is God a Taoist?", in The Tao is Silent [218]), and the dialogues in Hofstadter's Godel, Escher, Bach [122]. Given the broad scope of our project, the adoption of the discourse format was a natural way to start our quest for an overview of rational interaction. The present volume can be viewed as a rst step towards a more unied picture of the emerging eld of social software and of the dierent factors generating social complexity. Providing such a picture was among the original project goals. More specic issues mentioned in the project description, such as the development and renement of general theories of intelligent interaction, or the analysis of specic social mechanisms for voting, decision making, exchange of goods and services, auctioning, and so on, will be dealt with in the other project book. The intended readership of the present volume is quite broad: we hope the book will appeal to a wide range of scientically minded readers willing to look beyond the borders of their own specialisms. Anyone to which this description applies, and who has a bit of knowledge of mathematics and logic, should be able to grasp what goes on in the discourses. We have tried to make sure that specic expertise in any of the elds contributing to Games, Action and Social Software" is not required. A few words about the intellectual genesis of the chapters are in order. Two of the discourses in this volume are directly connected to NIAS seminars organized by our project. The NIAS Seminar series given by fellows of the current research group is a sequence of lectures set up each academic year by the Rector of the Institute. The lectures are meant to appeal to interested parties from a wide range of backgrounds, and are highlights of the intellectual life at NIAS. Social Software" was a guest seminar delivered by project visitor Rohit Parikh on 19 October 2006. This is the topic of A Guest Lecture on Social Software in Chapter 4. Eating from the Tree of Ignorance", the NIAS seminar on 25 January 2007 that marked the end of the project, is the topic of Chapter 13. The feedback from NIAS fellows and sta that these lectures generated has been invaluable for shaping the discourses. The chapter On Social Choice Theory was inspired by an overview of social choice theory presented by Martin van Hees during the rst project month. The Lorentz workshop Games, Action and Social Software that took place at the Lorentz Centre in Leiden on October 30{November 3, 2006, has also been important for the creation of this book. In the break between lectures by international speakers, an hour was scheduled each afternoon after lunch for structured discussion. Themes for these discussions were Social software: what is it?, Protocol analysis, Battle of the logics and The role of logic in game theory. The results from these discussions were used in the discourses in the book. The discourse on Game Theory, Logic and Rational Choice (Chapter 9) is based on a hand-out from Johan van Benthem for a talk in Beijing in Summer 2006. The discourse On Collective Rational Action (Chapter 14) has its genesis in a Maagdenhuis lecture organized by Johan van Benthem and delivered by Jan van Eijck (19 February 2007), where Abram de Swaan was among the audience; the text beneted from many perceptive comments by de Swaan. The discourse on Social Software and the Ills of Society (Chapter 15) was inspired by an extended email conversation between its four authors in early 2007. Marco Swaen created four page-size drawings that illustrate themes from the book, on pp. 48, 122, 146 and 217. The way the book came into being owes much to the general cultural atmosphere at NIAS, and we very much hope that some of the pleasure that we derived from putting the dialogues together shows through in the nished product. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the NIAS sta, in particular to NIAS rector Wim Blockmans and to NIAS head of research planning and support Jos Hooghuis, for their open-mindedness in welcoming our rather unusual project team at NIAS, and for making us feel genuinely at home. Our project operated in a rather dierent fashion from the rest of NIAS. While the individual fellows quietly carried out their learned studies, drafting their papers and writing their books in the splendid isolation of their comfortable NIAS oces, our group's rst demand was for whiteboards, so that we could scribble formulas and discuss them in unruly meetings and impromptu workshops. The project gatherings also drew unusually large groups of PhD students from around the Netherlands, often hungry and arriving just in time for lunch. Also, we had new project visitors almost every week. Still, the NIAS sta never complained, and all practical matters were handled very smoothly, with generous help from Rita Buis, Rink van den Bosch, Annette Bottema, Ruud Nolte and Saskia van der Holst-Pels. We gratefully acknowledge NWO, the Netherlands Organization for Scienti c Research, for enabling the thematic NIAS group `Games, Action and Social Software' both by Advanced Studies grants 051-04-120 for the project group and by Replacement grant 400-05-710 covering a lecturer at the University of Groningen during Rineke Verbrugge's stay at NIAS. Thanks also to the Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI) for allowing Jan van Eijck to take part in the NIAS project. We thank the Lorentz Center in Leiden for a generous grant, supporting the workshop at which four of the discussions leading to this book took place. The relaxed atmosphere and the unique facilities at the Lorentz Centre fostered lively discussions during the workshop on Games, Action and Social Software, which sometimes went on into the late evening. We would like to thank Martje Kruk, Wim van Saarloos, Gerda Filippo and Henriette Jensenius for their wonderful enthusiasm and highly professional support. Several people helped and stimulated us with their feedback on the discourses. Floor Sietsma made us understand that a preface could not be missing from a book like this. Rob Economopoulos wrote a long commentary on the discourse on collective rational action. Kathy van Vliet-Leigh helped with editing the rst dialogue (which also appeared in a NIAS newsletter [83]). Heleen Verleur's reaction to her husband's growing concern and agitation while he was reading up on climate change led to the discourse on social software and the ills of society. Abram de Swaan sent us his detailed and perceptive comments on the discourse on collective rational action. Alan Taylor and Don Saari answered questions about issues in the discourse on social choice theory. Davide Grossi assisted with the proofreading, and Krzysztof Apt made a helpful suggestion for the rst discourse. Donald Light, NIAS fellow during the academic year 2006{2007, participated in many discussions about collective rationality and ethics. Paul van den Broek, Lorentz fellow 2006{2007, discussed issues in cognitive science with us. NIAS fellows Dick van Lente and Peter Kroes stimulated us with their interest in what our project was up to. With Mohammad Bagheri, Lorentz fellow, we talked about puzzles of knowledge and social interaction; Mohammad also introduced us to wonderful Persian music. All other fellows stimulated us with their attitudes ranging from genuine interest, pleasant skepticism, eagerness to understand, and willingness to consider connections with broader issues. The editors of the new series Texts in Logic and Games which started to appear with Amsterdam University Press at the end of 2007, Johan van Benthem, Wiebe van der Hoek, Bernhard von Stengel, Robert van Rooij and Benedikt Lowe, were almost immediately enthusiastic about our plans, and they were invariably encouraging and helpful. Benedikt Lowe has managed to nd competent and thorough reviewers for the individual chapters. The reports that this generated were of great help to us, and we thank all referees for their much appreciated eorts. We are proud that this volume is appearing as a Text in Logic and Games. Joel Uckelman helped us with the LATEX formatting. Our nal thanks go to Paul Nolte for cooking the delicious NIAS lunchtime meals that are referred to in the text. Amsterdam & Groningen J.v.E R.V. NEWER EBOOKSSponsored LinksDiscourses on Social Software (Texts in Logic and Games) Keywordsdiscourse computer interaction verbrugge rineke discourses theory chapter discussions volume choice philosophy collective rst lorentz parikh fellows research social software rineke verbrugge rohit parikh protocol analysis keith dowding eijck social krister segerberg analysis francien eijck wouter rational action protocol analysis francien eijck rineke verbrugge |
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