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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (all published Online-Artciles 2004)
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (all published Online-Artciles 2004) Summary:all published single Online Articles 2004 sample in one PDF PDF 143 Pages open access to all articles -> ijbnpa.org The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (IJBNPA) is an open access, international and peer-reviewed journal devoted to furthering the understanding of the behavioral aspects of diet and physical activity. Behavioral processes are believed to be at the heart of successful efforts to improve people's health through diet and physical activity. The IJBNPA is the journal of the International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA). The ISBNPA is an international, interdisciplinary society of researchers who focus on issues related to behavioral nutrition and physical activity. ISBNPA aims to stimulate and promote innovative research in the area of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, advocate for the interests of behavioral nutrition and physical activity in research and policy, and promote the improvement of human health on a global scale through attention to nutrition and physical activity population behaviors.What is Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity? The importance of physical activity and eating behaviors in promoting health is more prominently recognized than ever before. Physical activity and eating behaviors also play an important role in preventing chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and some cancers. Yet population eating and physical activity behaviors do not follow recommended patterns, and imbalances remain across many population segments. Current behavioral models to do not capture the complex determinants of food and physical activity behaviors. Even less is known about the most effective ways to intervene to promote healthful eating and physical activity.How is IJBNPA responding to these challenges? The IJBNPA seeks to encourage and disseminate novel and innovative research on physical activity and eating behaviors. The IJBNPA is unique in its international focus on the behavioral aspects of nutrition and physical activity, its inclusion of multiple levels of analysis, including populations, groups and individuals, and its inclusion of epidemiology, and behavioral, theoretical and measurement research areas. The IJBNPA strongly seeks an international perspective. In particular, papers from a variety of cultural settings are of interest to redress the current narrow focus of models and interventions that have been developed and evaluated in homogeneous settings in the western industrialized world. New ideas, new models and new methods are sought while retaining methodological rigor and high standards of scholarship. In particular, it is recognized that trans-disciplinary research among epidemiology, psychology, environmental and ecological sciences, political science, economics, and sociology has much to offer the field for theoretical and methodological innovations. Table of Contents: Editorial
(2) Professor, Deakin University, Australia International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:1doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-1 The IJBNPA is an open access, international and peer-reviewed journal devoted to furthering the understanding of the behavioral aspects of diet and physical activity. Behavioral processes are believed to be at the heart of successful efforts to improve people's health through diet and physical activity.Commentary
Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:2doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-2 Abstract Research in diet and physical activity in the U.S. started in very different traditions, with behavioral science input being uneven in their development. Investigators and policy makers in Europe have recognized the complementarity of diet and physical activity and incorporated them both under the label Public Health Nutrition. Joining these disciplines internationally offers the opportunity to benefit all, since the problems addressed are human, not specific to any one country. In regard to why combine diet and physical activity, at the biological level, there is reason to believe that diet and physical activity working in concert can remodel physiological structures and processes toward healthful ends. The diet and physical activity behaviors themselves vary in characteristics and are similar in others. The behavioral science components of these two disciplines face similar problems, and can learn from the advances made by the other, in the areas of measurement, correlates and intervention. By working together, knowledge will be enhanced from uncovering complementary and interactive relationships between diet and physical activity, and in relation to disease risks, that may result in designing more effective and efficient interventions and policies. Since the behavioral sciences are at a disadvantage in comparison to the biological sciences in terms of scientific advances and thereby capturing the popular imagination for solutions to health problems, we must redouble our efforts to enhance funding for behavioral research in regard to diet and physical activity and to make the research advances necessary to prevent the medicalizing of essentially social and behavioral problems. Nutrition and physical activity should most effectively do this together.Review
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:3doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-3 Abstract In recent years, the food and beverage industry in the US has viewed children and adolescents as a major market force. As a result, children and adolescents are now the target of intense and specialized food marketing and advertising efforts. Food marketers are interested in youth as consumers because of their spending power, their purchasing influence, and as future adult consumers. Multiple techniques and channels are used to reach youth, beginning when they are toddlers, to foster brand-building and influence food product purchase behavior. These food marketing channels include television advertising, in-school marketing, product placements, kids clubs, the Internet, toys and products with brand logos, and youth-targeted promotions, such as cross-selling and tie-ins. Foods marketed to children are predominantly high in sugar and fat, and as such are inconsistent with national dietary recommendations. The purpose of this article is to examine the food advertising and marketing channels used to target children and adolescents in the US, the impact of food advertising on eating behavior, and current regulation and policies.Research
(2) School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA * Contributed equally International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:4doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-4 Abstract Background: Physical activity is increasingly recognized as an important factor influencing health and disease status. Total energy expenditure, both low-intensity and high-intensity, contributes to maintenance of healthy body weight. This paper presents the results of a quantitative approach to determining the activities that contribute to total energy expenditure in the United States. Methods: Data from the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) were used. In 1992–1994 the NHAPS sampled 4,185 females and 3,330 males, aged 18 years and over, weighted to be representative of the 48 contiguous United States. A detailed report of each activity performed in the previous 24 hours was obtained. A score was created for each activity, by multiplying duration and intensity for each individual and summing across individuals. This score was then used to rank each activity according to its contribution to total population energy expenditure, for the total sample and separately for each gender, race, age, region, and season. Results: This analysis reveals our society to be primarily sedentary; leisure time physical activity contributed only approximately 5% of the population's total energy expenditure. Not counting sleeping, the largest contributor to energy expenditure was "Driving a car", followed by "Office work" and "Watching TV". Household activities accounted for 20.1% and 33.3% of energy expenditure for males and females respectively. Conclusion: The information presented in this paper may be useful in identifying common activities that could be appropriate targets for behavioral interventions to increase physical activity.Research
(2) Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Shilim-dong, San 56-1, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea (3) Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 5 Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA (4) Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 5 Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA (5) Distinguished Professor, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 105N White Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:5doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-5 Abstract Background: Food group intakes by US children are below recommendations and micronutrient inadequacies have been reported. There are few longitudinal data that focus on developmental changes in food and nutrient intake from early to middle childhood. We examined changes in nutrient and food group intakes over time and the tracking of intakes across middle childhood in a longitudinal sample of girls. Methods: Three multiple-pass 24-hour diet recalls were conducted in a sample of 181 non-Hispanic White girls at ages 5, 7, and 9 years. Food and nutrient data were averaged across 3 days. Analyses of time effects were conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance and tracking of intakes was assessed via rank analysis. Results: We found significant decreases in nutrient densities (intakes per 1000 kcal) of vitamins C and D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc at age 9. Girls maintained their relative quartile positions for these micronutrients from ages 5–9. Analysis of food group data showed similar trends. At age 9, significantly fewer girls were meeting the recommendations for dairy, fruit and vegetable servings than at age 5 and girls also tended to remain in their respective quartiles over time, especially for fruit and dairy intakes. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of developing healthy eating practices during early childhood when caretakers have considerable control over children's food intake.Research
(2) Department of Health, Norwegian University of Sport and Physical education, Oslo, Norway (3) Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SOU-Odence University, Odence International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:6doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-6 Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is usually caused by high levels of many risk factors simultaneously over many years. Therefore, it is of great interest to study if subjects stay within rank order over time in both the biological risk factors and the behaviour that influences these risk factors. Many studies have described stability (tracking) in single risk factors, especially in children where hard endpoints are lacking, but few have analysed tracking in clustered risk. Methods: Two examinations were conducted 8 years apart. The first time, 133 males and 172 females were 16–19 years of age. Eight years later, 98 males and 137 females participated. They were each time ranked into quartiles by sex in four CVD risk factors all related to the metabolic syndrome. Risk factors were the ratio between total cholesterol and HDL, triglyceride, systolic BP and body fat. The upper quartile was defined as being at risk, and if a subject had two or more risk factors, he/she was defined as a case (15–20 % of the subjects). Odds ratios (OR) for being a case was calculated between quartiles of fitness in both cross-sectional studies. The stability of combined risk was calculated as the OR between cases and non-cases at the first examination to be a case at the second examination. Results: ORs for having two or more risk factors between quartiles of fitness were 3.1, 3.8 and 4.9 for quartiles two to four, respectively. At the second examination, OR were 0.7, 3.5 and 4.9, respectively. The probability for "a case" at the first examination to be "a case" at the second was 6.0. Conclusions: The relationship between an exposure like physical fitness and CVD risk factors is much stronger when clustering of risk factors are analysed compared to the relationship to single risk factors. The stability over time in multiple risk factors analysed together is strong. This relationship should be seen in the light of moderate or weak tracking of single risk factors, and is strong evidence for early intervention in children where risk factors cluster.Research
(2) Centre for Health Promotion Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (3) Alberta Centre for Active Living, Edmonton, AB, Canada (4) Faculty of Physical Education and Kinesiology, Brock University, ONT, Canada International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:7doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-7 Abstract Background: Recent research and commentary contends that ecological approaches may be particularly useful for understanding and promoting physical activity participation in various settings including the workplace. Yet within the physical activity domain there is a lack of understanding of how ecological environment factors influence behaviour. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived environment, social-cognitive variables, and physical activity behaviour. Methods: Participants (N = 897) were employees from three large worksites who completed self-report inventories containing measures of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, perceptions of the workplace environment (PWES), and physical activity behaviour during both leisure-time and incorporated throughout the workday. Results: Results of both bivariate and multiple regression analyses indicated the global PWES scores had a limited association with leisure-time physical activity (R2adj =.01). Sequential regression analyses supported a weak association between physical activity incorporated in the workplace and PWES (R2adj = .04) and the partial mediation of self-efficacy on the relationship between PWES and workplace physical activity (variance accounted for reduced to R2adj = .02 when self-efficacy was controlled). Conclusion: Overall, the results of the present investigation indicate that self-efficacy acted as a partial mediator of the relationship between perceived environment and workplace physical activity participation. Implications of the findings for physical activity promotion using ecological-based approaches, and future directions for research from this perspective in worksite settings are discussed.Research
(2) Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Santé des populations, Bureau 302 - 3875, rue Saint-Urbain, Montréal (Québec), H2W 1T7, Canada (3) Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project Centre for Research and Training, P.O. Box 989, Kahnawake, Québec, J0L 1B0, Canada International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:8doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-8 Abstract Background: Aboriginal children in Canada are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Given that physical inactivity is an important modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes, prevention efforts targeting Aboriginal children include interventions to enhance physical activity involvement. These types of interventions require adequate assessment of physical activity patterns to identify determinants, detect trends, and evaluate progress towards intervention goals. The purpose of this study was to develop a culturally appropriate interactive computer program to self-report physical activity for Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawk) children that could be administered in a group setting. This was an ancillary study of the ongoing Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project (KSDPP). Methods: During Phase I, focus groups were conducted to understand how children describe and graphically depict type, intensity and duration of physical activity. Sixty-six students (40 girls, 26 boys, mean age = 8.8 years, SD = 1.8) from four elementary schools in three eastern Canadian Kanien'kehá:ka communities participated in 15 focus groups. Children were asked to discuss and draw about physical activity. Content analysis of focus groups informed the development of a school-day and non-school-day version of the physical activity interactive recall (PAIR). In Phase II, pilot-tests were conducted in two waves with 17 and 28 children respectively to assess the content validity of PAIR. Observation, videotaping, and interviews were conducted to obtain children's feedback on PAIR content and format. Results: Children's representations of activity type and activity intensity were used to compile a total of 30 different physical activity and 14 non-physical activity response choices with accompanying intensity options. Findings from the pilot tests revealed that Kanien'kehá:ka children between nine and 13 years old could answer PAIR without assistance. Content validity of PAIR was judged to be adequate. PAIR was judged to be comprehensive, acceptable, and enjoyable by the children. Conclusions: Results indicate that PAIR may be acceptable to children between nine and 13 years old, with most in this age range able to complete PAIR without assistance. The flexibility of its programming makes PAIR an easily adaptable tool to accommodate diverse populations, different seasons, and changing trends in physical activity involvement.Editorial
(2) Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Victoria, Australia International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:9doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-9 The discussion about the interplay between theory and intervention has a long history and much has been written and published. The companion perspective papers by Rothman and Jeffery provide alternative points of view on this important and complex question. Their papers are not intended to be critical reviews of the literature. Instead, the aims of the two papers are to delineate the problem, present the different perspectives of the authors on the issue, and suggest constructive steps researchers can take to move the field forward.Debate
* Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:10 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-10 Abstract Background: The present paper expresses the author's views about the practical utility of Health Behavior Theory for health behavior intervention research. The views are skeptical and perhaps even a bit exaggerated. They are, however, also based on 20-plus years of in-the-trenches research focused on improving health behavior practice through research. Discussion: The author's research has been theoretically driven and has involved measurement of varying variables considered to be important theoretical mediators and moderators of health behavior. Regretfully, much of this work has found these variables wanting in basic scientific merit. Health Behavior Theory as we have known it over the last 25 years or so has been dominated by conceptualizations of behavior change processes that highlight cognitive decision-making. Although much of health behavior practice targets what people do rather than what they think, the logic of focusing on thoughts is that what people think about is the key to what they will do in the future, and that interventions that can measure and harness those processes will succeed to a greater extent than those that do not. Unfortunately, in the author's experience, the premise of cognitive theories has fallen short empirically in a number of ways. The cognitive schemata favored by most health behavior theories are difficult to measure, they do not predict behavioral outcomes very well, there is little evidence that they cause behavior, and they are hard to change directly. Summary: It is suggested that health behavior researchers reconsider their use of these theories in favor of models whose variables are more accessible to observation and experimental manipulation and that most importantly have strong empirical support.Debate
* Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:11 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-11 Abstract Theoretical and practical innovations are needed if we are to advance efforts to persuade and enable people to make healthy changes in their behavior. In this paper, I propose that progress in our understanding of and ability to promote health behavior change depends upon greater interdependence in the research activities undertaken by basic and applied behavioral scientists. In particular, both theorists and interventionists need to treat a theory as a dynamic entity whose form and value rests upon it being rigorously applied, tested and refined in both the laboratory and the field. To this end, greater advantage needs to be taken of the opportunities that interventions afford for theory-testing and, moreover, the data generated by these activities need to stimulate and inform efforts to revise, refine, or reject theoretical principles. Research
weight change, revealing that persons with very accepting evaluations (that would accept or be happy with minimal weight change) lost the least amount of weight while positive but moderate evaluations of outcomes (i.e., neither low nor extremely demanding) were more predictive of success. Among those subjects who reported having initiated more than 3–4 diets in the year before the study, very few were found to be in the most successful group after treatment. Quality of life, self-esteem, and exercise variables did not predict outcomes. Conclusions: Several variables were confirmed as predictors of success in short-term weight loss and can be used in future hypothesis-testing studies and as a part of more evolved prediction models. Previous dieting, and pretreatment self-motivation and body image are associated with subsequent weight loss, in agreement with earlier findings in previous samples. Weight outcome evaluations appear to display a more complex relationship with treatment results and culture-specific factors may be useful in explaining this pattern of association.Research
(1) Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, 200 Oak St. SE, Suite 160, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA and (2) Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S. Second St, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:13 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-13 Abstract Background: Very little is known about the correlates of adoption and maintenance of vigorous exercise. The purpose of this study was to understand the sociodemographic correlates of exercise adoption and maintenance in a community sample. Methods: 917 women and 229 men completed annual surveys as part of a community-based weight gain prevention trial over four years. Multivariate regressions evaluated predictive factors for maintenance of vigorous exercise over time in regular exercisers, and predictors of adoption of exercise in adults who were sedentary at baseline. Results: Exercise maintenance at Years 2 and 3 was associated with ethnicity and exercise level at baseline, while exercise maintenance at Year 4 was associated with television watching, BMI and exercise at baseline. Exercise level at baseline was associated with exercise initiation at Year 2 and Year 3. Income level, marital status, and smoking status predicted exercise initiation at Year 4. Conclusions: Predictors of vigorous exercise maintenance were more consistent than predictors of vigorous exercise initiation. Results suggest that those who adopt vigorous exercise are a heterogeneous group and intervention messages could be more broadly focused. These data also suggest that exercise maintenance interventions should continue to target low-income populations with messages regarding smoking, weight and television. Clearly further research is needed to understand the factors that contribute to exercise initiation and maintenance, and to develop effective interventions to improve levels of physical activity levels.Research
(1) School of Applied Medical Sciences and Sports Studies, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom, (2) Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, United Kingdom, (3) Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom and (4) Department of Child Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:14 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-14 Abstract Background: The assumption that lifestyles formed early in life track into adulthood has been used to justify the targeting of health promotion programmes towards children and adolescents. The aim of the current study was to use data from the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project to ascertain the extent of tracking, between adolescence and young adulthood, of physical activity, aerobic fitness, selected anthropometric variables, and diet. Methods: Males (n 245) and females (n 231) were assessed at age 15 y, and again in young adulthood [mean (SD) age 22 (1.6) y]. At both timepoints, height, weight and skinfold thicknesses were measured, and physical activity and diet were assessed by questionnaire and diet history method respectively. At 15y, fitness was assessed using the 20 metre shuttle run, while at young adulthood, the PWC170 cycle ergometer test was used. For each measurement made at 15y, subjects were ranked into 'low' (L1; lowest 25%), 'medium' (M1; middle 50%) or 'high' (H1; highest 25%) categories. At young adulthood, similar categories (L2, M2, H2) were created. The extent of tracking of each variable over time was calculated using 3 × 3 matrices constructed using these two sets of categories, and summarised using kappa (κ) statistics. Results: Tracking of diet and fitness was poor (κ ≤ 0.20) in both sexes, indicating substantial drift of subjects between the low, medium and high categories over time. The tracking of physical activity in males was fair (κ 0.202), but was poor in females (κ 0.021). In contrast, anthropometric variables such as weight, body mass index and sum of skinfolds tracked more strongly in females (κ 0.540, κ 0.307, κ 0.357 respectively) than in males (κ 0.337, κ 0.199, κ 0.216 respectively). Conclusions: The poor tracking of fitness and diet in both sexes, and physical activity in females, suggests that these aspects of adolescent lifestyle are unlikely to be predictive of behaviours in young adulthood. In contrast, the fair to moderate tracking of anthropometric variables, particularly in females, suggests that attempts to reduce the ever increasing incidence of overweight and obesity in adults, should probably begin in earlier life. Research
(1) Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Durham, USA, (2) School of Nursing, DUMC, Durham, USA, (3) Program of Cancer Prevention, Detection & Control Research, DUMC, Durham, USA, (4) Older Americans Independence Center/Center for Aging & Human Development, DUMC, Durham, USA, (5) Department of Medicine, DUMC, Durham, USA, (6) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, USA and (7) Department of Biometry and Bioinformatics, DUMC, Durham, USA International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:16 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-16 Abstract Background: Functional decline threatens independent living and is common among individuals diagnosed with cancer, especially those who are elderly. The purpose of this study was to explore whether dietary and exercise practices are associated with physical function status among older cancer survivors. Methods: Mailed surveys were used to ascertain data on physical function, dietary fat, fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, and exercise among elderly diagnosed with early stage (I-II) breast (N = 286) or prostate cancer (N = 402) within the past 18 months. Results: Sixty-one percent of respondents reported diets with <30% of energy from fat, 20.4% reported F&V intakes of 5+ daily servings, and 44.6% reported regular vigorous exercise. Significant, independent associations were found between physical functioning and reported dietary fat intake, F&V consumption, and exercise. A simultaneous multiple regression model controlled for age, race, gender, time since diagnosis and concurrent health behaviors yielded the following estimates: (1) 0.2 increase in the SF-36 physical function subscale (PFS) score with each reported 1% decrease in percent energy from fat (p < .0001); (2) 0.9 increase in the SF-36 PFS score for each reported serving of F&V/day (p = .0049); and (3) 15.4 increase in the SF-36 PFS score with a positive response for regular vigorous exercise (p < .0001). Conclusions: Results of this cross-sectional survey suggest that regular vigorous exercise and consumption of diets low in fat and rich in F&Vs are associated with higher levels of physical functioning among older cancer survivors. Interventions that promote healthful lifestyle change may deliver considerable benefit within this ever increasing and vulnerable population.Research
* Corresponding author International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, 1:17 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-17 Abstract Background: There is limited population-based data on diet and physical activity behaviors and weight loss among users of prescription weight loss medications. Most findings are from clinical settings or from research that includes organized behavioral programs. Methods: We analyzed data from the 1998 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an annual telephone survey conducted in all fifty states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The sample consisted of 135,435 noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years old and older. We determined the prevalence and odds of prescription weight loss medication use, odds of 10% weight loss, and among current weight loss medication users, the prevalence and odds for diet and physical activity behaviors. Results: 10.2% of obese women and 3.1% of obese men reported using prescription weight loss medications in the past 2 years. Of users, 28.2% had lost at least 10% of their pretreatment body weight. The odds of losing at least this much weight were higher among women, those who usually consumed ≥ 5 fruits and vegetables daily and those who met physical activity recommendations. Among current prescription weight loss medication users, 26.7% reported both eating fewer calories and meeting recommended leisure-time physical activity levels (<40% of any group met both). Of those meeting both recommendations, almost half (47.2%) had lost 10% of their pretreatment body weight. Of current users, 9% reported using the medications for weight maintenance. Conclusions: Only 26.7% of prescription weight loss medication users reported following recommended diet and physical activity behaviors. Further research is needed to assess whether behavioral changes are associated with greater weight loss and maintenance among prescription weight loss medication users. pass gigle.ws contents see description page Please select one mirror to download
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